Correlates of criminal behavior

Correlates of malefactor bearing aditFactors that correlate with crime are those, such as economic deprivation, that demonstrate a relationship with the relative incidence of sorry behavior. It is crucial to remember that correlations only tell us that there is a relationship mingled with peerless variable and another they do not tell us what is causing what. For example, there is an fellowship amid failing at cultivate and juvenile delinquency but we lotnot say that low inform achievement necessarily cause delinquency (Dwyer, 2001). It is possible that once an individual renders involved in ramshackle behavior, their school work suffers and grades begin to deteriorate.Alternatively, there may be a third factor, perhaps the post of the family towards school work and offending that causes both of the other factors (Dwyer, 2001). It is important, though, to recognize that a relationship does have a cause and this is what researchers are trying to uncover, but at no clock time should we jump to superficial conclusions nigh the exact direction of the cause.Case direct A DV a 36-year- anile, Single Black MaleDV, a 36-year-old, single Black male was charged with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. During ceremonious interviews, DV was initially uncooperative with the evaluators. He pretended not to understand what was asked of him. He was strongly encour successiond to work with the evaluation. After a period of observation and initial mental testing, it was informed to him that his report of experiencing auditory hallucinations was unlikely to be true (Heilbrun, Marczky DeMatteo, 2002).DV was administered psychological testing on three separate occasions. Initial test dissolvers clearly show DV intended to represent himself as morally ill and confused. After further counseling, he was re-administered two tests, which he appeared to complete in a cooperative fashion. DVs responses on a structured interview of symptoms of mental un h ealthiness were consistent with those of well-nighone intending to put on psychotic mental illness (Heilbrun et al., 2002).DV began smoking marijuana as a teenager and has continued to use it through push through adulthood. Selling illicit drugs neverthelesstually became his primary ejaculate of income through the years. Prior to his arrest, he used marijuana on a passing(a) basis and drank alcohol much slight frequently, primarily on the weekends or when it was available (Heilbrun et al., 2002).DV has been arrested at least 20 time throughout adolescence and adulthood. He has been incarcerated in state prisons twice, both for felony convictions. The only previous mental health discussion he has received was during his incarceration in a state prison. He had been experiencing nervousness, tremors, and what he referred to as depression. This specify was reportedly treated with antipsychotic medication for a period of six months. His reports of past mental health symptoms we re vague, and he indicated that he has never sought mental health treatment when out of prison (Heilbrun et al., 2002). culpable Behavior Mental DisorderAccording to Bartol and Bartol (2011) mental illness is a disorder of disease of the school principal that is judged by experts to interfere substantially with a persons ability to cope with life on a daily basis. It presumably deprives the person of freedom of choice, but it is important to note that there are degrees to this deprivation. The term mental disorder, however, need not imply that a person is sick, to be pitied, or even necessarily less responsible for his or her actions.Psychological TheoryPsychology is the scientific discipline of behavior and mental process. Psychological criminology, then, is the science of the behavior and mental process of the person who commits crime. In the psychology of crime, both tender and record influences on bend behavior are considered, along with the mental processes that mediate t hat behavior.It is hard to specify typically the psychological theories of crime. Psychological theories centers on the influence of individual and family factors on offending. Psychological theories usually develop and attempt to explain offending on an ongoing project thats starts from childhood to adulthood (Bartol Bartol, 2011).Correlates and Developmental Risk factorsThe parental and family take a chance factors led DV to become deviant at a very young age. During a conducted interview, DV stated that he lived at home with his mother, incur, and two brothers until the age of octonary, when his mother was killed in a car accident. After his mothers death, he began living with an aunt, who raised him until he left home at the age of 14. He attended school through the eighth grade and was expelled from school after the eighth grade, partly because of his poor attendance and partly because of his involvement in two fights (Heilbrun et al., 2002). He exposit school as being di fficult for him because he never had any family championship. After his mother died, nobody really cared whether he went to school. It was the loss of his mother that triggered his immoral behavior.Is this Person a Criminal?In summary, DV manifest a personality style and behavior regulation that is characterized by dislike towards authority and violation of friendly norms and laws. He was diagnosed with malingering (resolved) cannibus abuse and antisocial personality disorder. DV can be held accountable for his actions. He knew that the current adjudication constitutes his third felony conviction, and he knew the sentencing mandates associated with a third felony conviction. Specifically, DV was cognisant that he could have received a very lengthy sentence for his third conviction and knew his plea carried the probability of a relatively short sentence. He knew that his plea agreement called for his full cooperation in the miserlydown of his case (Heilbrun et al., 2002). DV w as deemed competent to stand trial based on his ability to comprehend what he did and he knew this.Case Study B 24-Year-Old John D.John is a 24-year-old Caucasian male who was convicted of sexual activityual Battery, which occurred on February 10, 1998, and is awaiting sentencing. John D. was an only child born to unwed parents on February 9, 1975. He grew up in an volatile environment and his start out was a drug addict who neglected to care for him. He recalls no memories of his father prior to the age of eight (Heilbrun et al., 2002).At eight years old, John D. recalled playing with and smelling someones feet. He cant remember exactly what happened at the moment but recall it was really scary. He remembers his fathers turn over pulling his knees apart. That was all he can remember about the incident (Heilbrun et al., 2002).Criminal Behavior Sex Offender (Sexual Battery)Sex offenders often commit a variety of crime beyond sexual offenses, although this is much likely to be th e case with rapists than the child molesters. There is no single profile that encompasses a majority of sex offenders. The features of their crimes also differ distinctly among offenders, including time and place, the gender and age of the victim, the degree of planning the offense, and the tote up of violence used or intended (APA, 2000 Bartol Bartol, 2011).Sociological TheoryThe sociological approach examines underlying social conditions that may influence criminal behavior by focusing on how social structure and processes offer to crime. Life course criminology focuses on life tragedies or paths that may lead to lifelong or reiterate criminal behavior. The Sociological theory of criminal behavior is the way people look at their environment. Sociologically, a person will be overwhelmed by closeness, the imitation and behavior of those they look up to, as healthy as their understanding of what is right and what is wrong (Bartol Bartol, 2011).People are not born with a predi sposition to violence or lack of power rather they become that way as a result of social experiences. Furthermore, criminal behavior, again like all behavior, is an individuals way of adapting to his or her environment.Correlates and Developmental Risk factorsExamples of social risk factors are parental and family risk factors including faulty or inadequate parenting, sibling influences, and child ill-usage or abuse. A wide variety of circumstances can lead to a single-parent home. John D.s father died when he was nine years old. He is uneffective to recall any memories of his father prior to age eight. His parents never married but after his fathers death, his mother married a man that told John D. someday he would burn in hell (Heilbrun et al., 2002).His mothers parental styles were inappropriate. John D. loved her because she could be fun to be with, and she was proud of him. At the same time he hated her because of the way she treated him. He described her as very pettishness y, at times she would be nice and at other times she lashed out and smacked him in the face. John D. also stated that he often felt like a refilling husband to his mother, because whenever it was time to kiss her goodnight, she would stick her tongue out (Heilbrun et al., 2002).John D. spent most of his time living with his maternal grandparents. His grandmother would walk in on him when he was changing his underwear and would ever so find an excuse to come into the bathroom and wipe him after he was done. He didnt realize his grandmothers behavior was inappropriate until later (Heilbrun et al., 2002).Models are those significant persons in the social environment that provide cues for how to do something (Bartol Bartol, 2011 Jackson, 2008). For example, a child may learn how to shoot a gun by imitating television or motion-picture show characters. The child then will rehearse and fine-tunes this behavioural pattern by practicing with toy guns. John D.s behavioral patterns are th e outcome of the models he had in his life.Is this Person a Criminal?John D. is responsible for his actions and should be held criminally liable for what he did. He shows no remorse for his victims. He kills his victims and plays with their feet. He has a inclination of an orbit to act upon his fantasies. He has a high potential for dangerous behavior inflicted against self and others.Case Study C 21-Year-Old open up M.The defendant in this case, respect M., was charged with aggravated murder in the barb death of a police officer in November of 1997. jemmy M. has an extensive criminal record and a history consistent with an antisocial personality disorder. Antisocial personality disorder is not usually considered to be a mitigating factor. In addition to the antisocial personality disorder, Jimmy M. had suffered from a serious head injury, resulting in the request for a neuropsychological evaluation (Heilbrun et al., 2002).Jimmy M. was born to Darlene M (who was 15 years old wh en she got pregnant) and Bob Hoover on September 21, 1976. Jimmy M. only saw his father twice, once in fifth or sixth grade and the second time was last year while he was incarcerated. He primarily raised by his foster grandmother, Martha Washington Ms. Washington was Jimmy M.s mothers foster parent. Jimmy M.s mother was a drug addict and alcoholic who was arrested and spent time in jail and prison before dying of a drug overdose in 1989 (Heilbrun et al., 2002).On one occasion, when Jimmy M. was eight years old, his mother used him to hide stolen money. Jimmy M. developed significant behavioral problems following his mothers death. He subsequently had numerous contacts with juvenile authorities and was placed with the Department of Youth Services on some(prenominal) occasions. He encountered numerous conflicts with his grandmother. Although things have not always been stable with his grandmother, Jimmy M. stated that they remain close today (Heilbrun et al., 2002).Criminal Behavior Murder (Aggravated Murder)The term murder is reserved for the unlawful killing of one human being by another with malice plotted, either expressed or implied. Malice aforethought refers to premeditation, or the mental state of a person who thinks ahead, plans, and voluntarily causes the death of another, without legal excuse or justification. However, premeditation can occur in a very short period of time (even a minute) it does not require weeks of planning (Bartol Bartol, 2011).Biological TheoryHistorically, neurological impairment, whether by heredity, injury, or disease, has been thought to comply with criminal behavior. For example, head injury and boisterous behavior are found to coexist in criminals at a higher than average rate. Though a direct link cannot be determined between the two, researchers observe that neurological problems, in combination with environmental and social risk factors, interact to influence criminal behavior (APA, 2000 Bartol Bartol, 2011 Raine, 2002).Biological theories have a misunderstanding stereotype that if a person is a criminal then that person was born a criminal. Biological theories are only one interpretation of criminality (Rafter, 2008). Biology has an effect on our social and emotional lives that would be categorized as biological influences on our behavior. Some examples would be menstruation affects some women more than others, but many have more belief swings during, and just before, menstruation. Pregnancy also affects hormones and therefore emotions. In many cases, a women seems calmer than usual when pregnant, not reacting as she normally would to the stresses of work and life. Hormones in pregnancy have a lot of functions, including effects on mood and puberty is another example with which everyone is familiar. During the transition from childhood into a sexual world, teenagers go through some profound emotional and behavioral changes usually suffered along with them by their parents, other relatives, and teachers (Raine, 2002). Eventually they mature and become adults but in the years of puberty, the change in outlook and disturbance of behavior can be profound. But again, the environmental influences are crucial in how puberty, a biological change, is realized.Correlates and Developmental Risk factorsJimmy M.s mother was 15 when she was pregnant and 16 when he was born. Given her own drug, alcohol, and legal problems she was clearly unable to provide adequate parenting. His foster grandmother was, at best, inconsistent in her ability to provide for Jimmy M. and the other children within her care, who included Jimmy M.s mother. Following his mothers death, Jimmy M.s behavior showed clear signs of deterioration, and he fall in the local gang (Heilbrun et al., 2002). As a result of Jimmy M.s early childhood experiences, he has bonded to no one, has little capacity for empathy, and has shut off his emotions from the rest of the world.Is this Person a Criminal?Therefore, Jimmy M. i s responsible for his actions and should be held criminally liable for what he did. However, based on his past, Jimmy M. should undergo treatment to pass along harm to him and to others. Jimmy M. demonstrated a capacity of attachment. Once his mother passed he began to seek support by associating with the local gang. There is a possibility that through treatment and rehabilitation Jimmy M. can do better for himself.ConclusionAccording to Bartol and Bartol (2011) Crime, like all behavior, is complex and varied, and there are no simple answers regarding its causes. This is hardly surprising considering the great variety of crimes and offenders. Different theories put the emphasis on dissimilar causal factors biology, personality, unconscious conflict, social learning, to name but a few. It is still by no convey clear whether or not biological factors are implicated in antisocial behavior but, even if they are, most researchers acknowledge that the environment in which children are reared can either stimulate or disallow any inborn tendency is criminality.The type of environment most conducive to delinquency is one of poverty, deprivation, a stressful family life and lack of educational opportunities. These factors are inextricably inter-related and the more of these that a child endures, the great the likelihood of them committing criminal acts. Nevertheless, many individuals exposed to all of these risk factors do not embrace a life of crime. Perhaps we need to take a more careful look at overprotective factors such as personal disposition, loving relationships, social support systems and, indeed, gender, in order to more successfully address the problem of crime.ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders (DSM-IV-TR) (4th ed., vol. schoolbook Revision). Arlington, VA Author.Bartol, C .R. Bartol, A. M. (2011). Criminal behavior A psychosocial approach (9th ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc.Dwyer, D. (2001). Angles on criminal psychology. United Kingdom Nelson Thornes, Ltd.Heilbrun, K., Marczyk, G. R., DeMatteo, D. (2002). Forensic mental health assessment Acasebook. New York Oxford Press.Jackson, R. (Ed.). (2008). Learning forensic assessment. New York Routledge.Rafter, N. (2008). The criminal brain Understanding biological theories of crime. New York,New York New York University Press.Raine, A. (2002). Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behavior in children and adults Areview. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(4), 311-26.