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COURSE CODE 3050402 PG DIPLOMA EXAMINATION - JAN 2009 PGDCA COMPUTER confabulation AND NETWORK Time: 3 Hours Max.Marks:75 Section - A 9. expand ICMP? Internet aver Message Protocol (ICMP) define by RFC 792 and RFC 1122 is used for communicate error reporting and generating messages that carry attention. The errors describe by ICMP argon generally related to datagram processing. ICMP all reports errors involving dismantle 0 of any fragmented datagrams. The IP, UDP or transmission control protocol form will usually take action put up on ICMP messages. ICMP generally belongs to the IP layer of TCP/IP merely relies on IP for support at the network layer. ICMP messages are encapsulated inside IP datagrams. ICMP will report the chase network information: Timeouts Network over-crowding Network errors such(prenominal) as an unaccessible host or network. The ping ascendence is also back up by ICMP, and this can be used to debug network problem s. 19. a. Explain about congestion control? Congestion Control http://cnx.org/content/m13361/latest/ A technique for observe network usance and manipulating transmission or forwarding grade for data frames to keep traffic levels from overtake the network medium. It gets its key out because it avoids network traffic jams.

[6] In Asynchronous Transfer trend ( aura) networks, congestion control schemes whitethorn be based on fields at substance the ATM cell header (CLP, EFCI within the PTI) or may be based on a more advanced(a) mechanism between the ATM end-system and ATM switches. The ATM forum has d eveloped a mechanism based on rank control ! for Available Bit respect (ABR)-type traffic. In assign Relay networks, congestion is handled by the FECN, BECN and DE bits. What causes congestion? The assumption that statistical multiplexing can be used to mitigate the link utilization is that the users do not reach their point in clip rate values simultaneously, but since the traffic demands are random and cannot be predicted, congestion is unavoidable....If you want to get a sufficiency essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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