How Technology and Environment Might Influence the Structure of an Organisation

Student Name Adeniyi Adebowale mental faculty Principles of Organising and Managing Student Number 500188225 Due Date 15th of March, 2010 Title beg off how engineering and environment might influence the structure of an organisation harbor your answer with utilizations. Paragraphs 25 Charles Perrow (1974) suggests that there atomic number 18 four types of technology that determines an organisations about effective structure and success in the market.The fol disordereding atomic number 18 the types of technology Non-routine Technology are characterized by high line of work variability and low projection analyzability, examples include tasks performed by research chemist, advertising agencies, high-tech result designers and top management teams. With this type of technology, an organization has to develop structure that allows employees to react quickly to manage exceptions and create new solutions like an organic structure. design Technology is characterized by high task va riability and high task analyzability, examples of these includes civil engineering companies that build roads and bridges another example includes motor manufacturers that produce customized cars. Craft Technology is characterized by low task variability and low task analyzability, examples includes an accountant preparing a tax provide and a plumber fitting a bath or shower. Robbins (1993) hike argued that technology has and will continue to influence growth and development in organization.Technology has made a fundamental impact in the bringing up sector, providing a competitive advantage that has come to be essential to more organizations. For example, education institutes must also use technology to improve the educational learning process. In the past decade, computers and the Internet have changed the way in which education can be delivered to students since it is currently possible to engage in distance education through the Internet.There are two centre in which techno logies can be used in delivering education to students and they are listed below Synchronous Technologies is a mode of online delivery where all participants are present at the same time requiring a timetable to be organized. vane Conferencing is an example of synchronous technology. Asynchronous Technologies is a mode of online delivery where participants get at course materials on their own schedule. Students are not required to be together at the same time. Message board forums, e-mail and save video are examples of asynchronous technology. draw adjoin drawframe mention Andrzej Huczynski and David Buchanan (2001), page 36. Placid, Randomized Placid, Clustered Disturbed, Reactive Turbulent field drawframe The figure below outlines the suggested points in details Source Andrzej Huczynski and David Buchanan (2001), page 49. Source Andrzej Huczynski and David Buchanan (2001), page 47 References Stephen P. Robbins, 1993, Organizational Behaviour, 6th Edition, assimilator Hall Int ernational, U. S. A. Stephen P. Robbins, 1994, Management, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall International, U. S. A.David Faulkner, 2002, Strategy_ Critical Perspective on Business and Management_, Volume 1, U. K. Lloyd S. Baird, James E. Post and John F. Mahon, 1990, Management become and Responsibilities, Harper Collins Publisher, U. S. A. Harold J. Leavitt, Louis R. Pondy, and David M Boje, 1988, Readings in Managerial Psychology, 4th Edition, The University of cabbage Press Ltd. U. S. A. Charles Perrow, 1974, Organizational Analysis A Social View, Tavistock Publications, London, U. K. Alan Fox, 1974, Beyond convey Work, Power and Trust Relations (Society Today and Tomorrow), Faber Publishing, London, U. K.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Twenty-six

JonJon was showing D areon how best to deliver a sidestroke when the in the altogether evoke entered the practice yard. Your feet should be farther apart, he urged. You dont wishing to bear your balance. Thats undecomposed. Now pivot as you deliver the stroke, get all your burden behind the blade.Dareon broke out and lifted his visor. s sluice upinger gods, he murmured. Would you aim at this, Jon.Jon turned. Through the eye slit of his point, he beheld the fattest male child he had of all season captivaten standing in the door of the armory. By the look of him, he must confirm weighed twenty st whiz. The pelt collar of his embroidered surcoat was lost to a lower place his chins. Pale look move nervously in a large flesh out moon of a eccentric, and plump sw eradicatey fingers wiped themselves on the velvet of his doublet. They . . . they told me I was to go up hither for . . . for training, he verbalise to no one in particular.A entitleling, Pyp observed to Jon. Southron, most homogeneous go on Highgarden. Pyp had traveled the S heretofore Kingdoms with a mummers troupe, and bragged that he could tell what you were and where youd been born(p) just from the sound of your section.A striding hunts gentlemans gentleman had been imprinted in scarlet th hold upon the breast of the fat sons fur-trimmed surcoat. Jon did non recognize the sigil. Ser Alliser Thorne looked over his new charge and verbalise, It would seem they have overhaul short of poachers and thieves imbibe south. Now they send us pigs to man the Wall. Is fur and velvet your notion of armor, my schoolmaster of Ham?It was soon revealed that the new recruit had brought his own armor with him padded doublet, boiled leather, mail and plate and helm, even a great wood-and-leather shield blazoned with the same striding huntsman he wore on his surcoat. As none of it was discolour, however, Ser Alliser insisted that he reequip himself from the armory. That similarlyk ha lf the morning. His girth required Donal Noye to conduct apart a mail hauberk and refit it with leather panels at the sides. To get a helm over his head the armorer had to distinguish the visor. His leathers bound so tightly a elaborate his legs and under his arms that he could scarcely move. Dressed for appoint manpowert, the new boy looked identical an overcooked sausage around to burst its skin. Let us hope you are not as inept as you look, Ser Alliser give tongue to. Halder, see what Ser Piggy can do.Jon Snow winced. Halder had been born in a quarry and apprenticed as a stonemason. He was sixteen, tall and muscular, and his blows were as hard as any Jon had ever felt. This allow be uglier than a whores ass, Pyp muttered, and it was.The fight dwelled less than a minute in the beginning the fat boy was on the fuze, his whole physical structure sha faggot as blood leaked through his shattered helm and between his pudgy fingers. I yield, he shrilled. No more, I yield, don t hit me. Rast and some of the other boys were laughing. however then, Ser Alliser would not call an end. On your feet, Ser Piggy, he called. Pick up your firebrand. When the boy continued to cling to the ground, Thorne gestured to Halder. Hit him with the flat of your blade until he predominates his feet. Halder delivered a tentative smack to his foes upraised cheeks. You can hit harder than that, Thorne taunted. Halder took hold of his long firebrand with both(prenominal) flips and brought it de touch so hard the blow split leather, even on the flat. The new boy screeched in pain.Jon Snow took a tint forward. Pyp set(p) a mailed hand on his arm. Jon, no, the small boy whispered with an anxious glance at Ser Alliser Thorne.On your feet, Thorne repeated. The fat boy struggled to rise, slipped, and expend firmly again. Ser Piggy is starting to grasp the notion, Ser Alliser observed. Again.Halder lifted the sword for another blow. Cut us off a ham Rast urged, laughing.Jon ag itate off Pyps hand. Halder, enough.Halder looked to Ser Alliser.The Bastard speaks and the peasants tremble, the master-at-arms said in that sharp, frigid illustration of his. I remind you that I am the master-at-arms here, shaper Snow.Look at him, Halder, Jon urged, ignoring Thorne as best he could. in that respects no honor in beating a fallen foe. He yielded. He knelt beside the fat boy.Halder lowered his sword. He yielded, he echoed.Ser Allisers onyx eyeball were fixed on Jon Snow. It would seem our Bastard is in love, he said as Jon helped the fat boy to his feet. Show me your steel, noble Snow.Jon move his longsword. He dared defy Ser Alliser only to a point, and he feared he was tumesce beyond it now.Thorne smiled. The Bastard wishes to defend his lady love, so we shall make an movement of it. Rat, Pimple, help our Stone Head here. Rast and Albett moved to total Halder. trine of you ought to be sufficient to make Lady Piggy squeal. All you need do is get past the Bastard.Stay behind me, Jon said to the fat boy. Ser Alliser had oft sent cardinal foes against him, neertheless never trey. He knew he would possible go to sleep bruised and bloody tonight. He braced himself for the assault.Suddenly Pyp was beside him. Three to two entrust make for better sport, the small boy said cheerfully. He dropped his visor and slid out his sword. Before Jon could even destine to protest, Grenn had stepped up to make a third.The yard had grown deathly quiet. Jon could feel Ser Allisers eyes. why are you waiting? he asked Rast and the others in a voice deceased deceptively balmy, still it was Jon who moved first. Halder barely got his sword up in time.Jon drove him ventureward, attacking with every blow, keeping the older boy on the heels. Know your foe, Ser Rodrik had taught him once Jon knew Halder, brutally strong alone short of patience, with no taste for defense. Frustrate him, and he would leave himself open, as certain as sunset.The clang o f steel echoed through the yard as the others joined battle around him. Jon blocked a savage cut at his head, the wallop of impact running up his arm as the s course crashed together. He slammed a sidestroke into Halders ribs, and was rewarded with a muffled grunt of pain. The counterstroke caught Jon on the fix up. Chainmail crunched, and pain flared up his neck, but for an instant Halder was unbalanced. Jon cut his left(a) leg from under him, and he fell with a curse and a crash.Grenn was standing his ground as Jon had taught him, openhanded Albett more than he cared for, but Pyp was hard-pressed. Rast had two years and forty pounds on him. Jon stepped up behind him and rang the rapers helm analogous a bell. As Rast went reeling, Pyp slid in under his guard, knocked him down, and leveled a blade at his throat. By then Jon had moved on. Facing two swords, Albett rearwardsed away. I yield, he shouted.Ser Alliser Thorne surveyed the scene with disgust. The mummers lug has fo regone on long enough for to twenty-four hour period. He walked away. The session was at an end.Dareon helped Halder to his feet. The quarrymans son wrenched off his helm and threw it across the yard. For an instant, I thought I finally had you, Snow.For an instant, you did, Jon replied. Under his mail and leather, his shoulder was throbbing. He sheathed his sword and assay to remove his helm, but when he raised his arm, the pain do him grit his teeth.Let me, a voice said. Thick-fingered hands unfastened helm from gorget and lifted it off gently. Did he hurt you?Ive been bruised in advance. He touched his shoulder and winced. The yard was releaseing around them.Blood matted the fat boys copper where Halder had split his helm asunder. My severalise is surface-to-air missilewell Tarly, of Horn . . . He stopped and beat out his lips. I mean, I was of Horn heap, until I . . . left. Ive come to take the black. My fuss is nobleman Randyll, a bannerman to the Tyrells of Highgard en. I used to be his heir, only . . . His voice trailed off.Im Jon Snow, Ned unadulterateds bastard, of Winterfell.surface-to-air missilewell Tarly nodded. I . . . if you want, you can call me surface-to-air missile. My mother calls me surface-to-air missile.You can call him Lord Snow, Pyp said as he came up to join them. You dont want to be what his mother calls him.These two are Grenn and Pypar, Jon said.Grenns the ugly one, Pyp said.Grenn scowled. Youre uglier than me. At least I dont have ears equal a bat.My thanks to all of you, the fat boy said vanquishy.Why didnt you get up and fight? Grenn demanded.I appreciateed to, real. I just . . . I couldnt. I didnt want him to hit me anymore. He looked at the ground. I . . . I fear Im a coward. My lord aim invariably said so.Grenn looked thunderstruck. Even Pyp had no words to say to that, and Pyp had words for everything. What sort of man would pro claim himself a coward?Samwell Tarly must have read their thoughts on their f aces. His eyes met Jons and darted away, quick as frightened animals. I . . . Im sorry, he said. I dont mean to . . . to be wish well I am. He walked heavily toward the armory.Jon called after him. You were hurt, he said. Tomorrow youll do better.Sam looked mournfully back over one shoulder. No I wont, he said, blinking back tear. I never do better.When he was gone, Grenn frowned. Nobody likes cravens, he said uncomfortably. I wish we hadnt helped him. What if they think were craven too?Youre too unreasonable to be craven, Pyp told him.I am not, Grenn said.Yes you are. If a bear attacked you in the woods, youd be too stupid to run away.I would not, Grenn insisted. Id run away alacritous than you. He stopped suddenly, scowling when he maxim Pyps grin and cognise what hed just said. His thick neck flushed a sulky red. Jon left them there arguing as he returned to the armory, hung up his sword, and stripped off his battered armor.Life at Castle Black followed certain patterns th e mornings were for swordplay, the afternoons for work. The black pals set new recruits to many different tasks, to learn where their skills lay. Jon cherished the old afternoons when he was sent out with refinement ranging at his side to bring back game for the Lord Commanders table, but for every day worn out(p) hunting, he gave a dozen to Donal Noye in the armory, spinning the whetstone tour the one-armed smith sharpened axes grown dull from use, or pumping the bellows as Noye hammered out a new sword. Other times he ran messages, stood at guard, mucked out stables, fletched arrows, assisted Maester Aemon with his birds or Bowen Marsh with his counts and inventories.That afternoon, the watch commanding officer sent him to the winch cage with four barrels of fresh-crushed stone, to scatter gravel over the icy footpaths atop the Wall. It was lonely and boring work, even with tactile sen sit downion along for company, but Jon found he did not mind. On a clear day you could se e half the demesne from the top of the Wall, and the phone line was perpetually cold and bracing. He could think here, and he found himself thinking of Samwell Tarly . . . and, oddly, of Tyrion Lannister. He wondered what Tyrion would have made of the fat boy. Most men would or else deny a hard truth than face it, the dwarf had told him, grinning. The world was full of cravens who pretended to be heroes it took a queer sort of resolution to admit to cowardice as Samwell Tarly had.His sore shoulder made the work go slowly. It was late afternoon before Jon finished graveling the paths. He lingered on superior to watch the sun go down, turning the western tack the color of blood. Finally, as dusk was settling over the north, Jon rolled the empty barrels back into the cage and signaled the winch men to lower him.The evening meal was intimately done by the time he and tactile sensition reached the common hall. A group of the black brothers were dicing over mulled wine go on t he fire. His friends were at the judicature nearest the west wall, laughing. Pyp was in the middle of a story. The mummers boy with the big ears was a born liar with a nose candy different voices, and he did not tell his tales so much as live them, playing all the parts as needed, a king one moment and a swineherd the next. When he turned into an alehouse fille or a virgin princess, he used a high falsetto voice that reduced them all to tears of helpless laughter, and his eunuchs were always eerily accurate caricatures of Ser Alliser. Jon took as much pleasure from Pyps antics as anyone . . . even that night he turned away and went instead to the end of the bench, where Samwell Tarly sat alone, as far from the others as he could get.He was finishing the last of the pork pie the cooks had served up for supper when Jon sat down across from him. The fat boys eyes widened at the sight of contact. Is that a wolf?A direwolf, Jon said. His name is Ghost. The direwolf is the sigil of m y fathers House.Ours is a striding huntsman, Samwell Tarly said.Do you like to hunt?The fat boy shuddered. I scorn it. He looked as though he was dismissal to cry again.Whats ruin now? Jon asked him. Why are you always so frightened?Sam stared at the last of his pork pie and gave a feeble shake of his head, too scared even to talk. A burst of laughter filled the hall. Jon hear Pyp squeaking in a high voice. He stood. Lets go outside.The round fat face looked up at him, suspicious. Why? What will we do outside?Talk, Jon said. Have you seen the Wall?Im fat, not blind, Samwell Tarly said. Of course I saw it, its seven hundred feet high. Yet he stood up all the same, imprisoned a fur-lined cloak over his shoulders, and followed Jon from the common hall, still wary, as if he suspected some cruel trick was waiting for him in the night. Ghost padded along beside them. I never thought it would be like this, Sam said as they walked, his words steaming in the cold air. Already he was huff ing and puffing as he tried to keep up. All the buildings are falling down, and its so . . . so . . . frigidity? A hard frost was settling over the move, and Jon could hear the soft crunch of grey weeds beneath his boots.Sam nodded miserably. I abominate the cold, he said. Last night I woke up in the dark and the fire had gone out and I was certain I was dismission to freeze to death by morning.It must have been warmer where you come from.I never saw snow until last month. We were crossing the barrowlands, me and the men my father sent to see me north, and this white stuff began to fall, like a soft rain. At first I thought it was so beautiful, like feathers drifting from the sky, but it kept on and on, until I was frozen to the bone. The men had crusts of snow in their beards and more on their shoulders, and still it kept coming. I was afraid it would never end.Jon smiled.The Wall loomed before them, glimmering palely in the light of the half moon. In the sky above, the stars b urned clear and sharp. atomic number 18 they going to make me go up there? Sam asked. His face curdled like old milk as he looked at the great wooden stairs. Ill die if I have to climb that.Theres a winch, Jon said, pointing. They can draw you up in a cage.Samwell Tarly sniffled. I dont like high places.It was too much. Jon frowned, incredulous. Are you afraid of everything? he asked. I dont understand. If you are sincerely so craven, why are you here? Why would a coward want to join the Nights Watch?Samwell Tarly looked at him for a long moment, and his round face seemed to cave in on itself. He sat down on the frost-covered ground and began to cry, huge choking sobs that made his whole body shake. Jon Snow could only stand and watch. Like the snowfall on the barrowlands, it seemed the tears would never end.It was Ghost who knew what to do. Silent as shadow, the pale direwolf moved surrounding(prenominal) and began to lick the warm tears off Samwell Tarlys face. The fat boy crie d out, shock . . . and somehow, in a heartbeat, his sobs turned to laughter.Jon Snow laughed with him. Afterward they sat on the frozen ground, clump in their cloaks with Ghost between them. Jon told the story of how he and Robb had found the pups newborn in the late summer snows. It seemed a kibibyte years ago now. Before long he found himself talk of the town of Winterfell.Sometimes I dream about it, he said. Im walking down this long empty hall. My voice echoes all around, but no one answers, so I walk faster, opening doors, shouting names. I dont even sack out who Im looking for. Most nights its my father, but sometimes its Robb instead, or my flyspeck sister Arya, or my uncle. The thought of Benjen Stark saddened him his uncle was still missing. The Old turn up had sent out rangers in search of him. Ser Jaremy Rykker had led two sweeps, and Quorin Halfhand had gone forth from the Shadow Tower, but theyd found nothing aside from a few blazes in the trees that his uncle ha d left to mark his way. In the stony highlands to the northwest, the label stopped abruptly and all trace of Ben Stark vanished.Do you ever find anyone in your dream? Sam asked.Jon shook his head. No one. The castle is always empty. He had never told anyone of the dream, and he did not understand why he was telling Sam now, yet somehow it felt good to talk of it. Even the ravens are gone from the rookery, and the stables are full of bones. That always scares me. I start to run then, throwing open doors, climbing the tower ternary steps at a time, screaming for someone, for anyone. And then I find myself in front of the door to the crypts. Its black inside, and I can see the steps spiraling down. Somehow I know I have to go down there, but I dont want to. Im afraid of what capability be waiting for me. The old Kings of Winter are down there, seated on their thrones with stone wolves at their feet and iron swords across their laps, but its not them Im afraid of. I scream that Im n ot a Stark, that this isnt my place, but its no good, I have to go anyway, so I start down, feeling the walls as I descend, with no torch to light the way. It gets darker and darker, until I want to scream. He stopped, frowning, embarrassed. Thats when I always wake. His skin cold and clammy, shivering in the darkness of his cell. Ghost would leap up beside him, his warmth as hearty as daybreak. He would go back to sleep with his face pressed into the direwolf s shaggy white fur. Do you dream of Horn Hill? Jon asked.No. Sams mouth grew tight and hard. I hated it there. He scratched Ghost behind the ear, brooding, and Jon let the silence breathe. After a long go Samwell Tarly began to talk, and Jon Snow listened quietly, and learned how it was that a self-confessed coward found himself on the Wall.The Tarlys were a family old in honor, bannermen to Mace Tyrell, Lord of Highgarden and Warden of the South. The eldest son of Lord Randyll Tarly, Samwell was born heir to easy lands, a strong keep, and a glorious two-handed greatsword named Heartsbane, forged of Valyrian steel and passed down from father to son near five hundred years.Whatever pride his lord father susceptibility have felt at Samwells birth vanished as the boy grew up plump, soft, and awkward. Sam loved to listen to music and make his own songs, to fag out soft velvets, to play in the castle kitchen beside the cooks, drinking in the rich smells as he snitched lemon cakes and blueishberry tarts. His passions were books and kittens and dancing, clumsy as he was. But he grew ill at the sight of blood, and wept to see even a chicken slaughtered. A dozen masters-at-arms came and went at Horn Hill, try to turn Samwell into the knight his father wanted. The boy was cursed and caned, slapped and starved. One man had him sleep in his chainmail to make him more martial. Another dressed him in his mothers clothing and paraded him through the bailey to shame him into valor. He only grew fatter and more f rightened, until Lord Randylls disappointment turned to anger and then to loathing. One time, Sam confided, his voice dropping from a whisper, two men came to the castle, warlocks from Qarth with white skin and blue lips. They slaughtered a bull aurochs and made me bathe in the wild blood, but it didnt make me brave as theyd promised. I got sick and retched. come had them scourged.Finally, after three girls in as many years, Lady Tarly gave her lord husband a second son. From that day, Lord Randyll ignored Sam, devoting all his time to the younger boy, a fierce, robust child more to his liking. Samwell had known several(prenominal) years of sweet peace with his music and his books.Until the dawn of his fifteenth name day, when he had been awakened to find his horse saddled and ready. Three men-at-arms had escorted him into a wood near Horn Hill, where his father was skinning a deer. You are almost a man grown now, and my heir, Lord Randyll Tarly had told his eldest son, his long injure laying bare the carcass as he rung. You have minded(p) me no cause to disown you, but neither will I allow you to inherit the land and title that should be Dickons. Heartsbane must go to a man strong enough to wield her, and you are not worthy to touch her hilt. So I have decided that you shall this day announce that you wish to take the black. You will forsake all claim to your brothers inheritance and start north before evenfall.If you do not, then on the morrow we shall have a hunt, and somewhere in these woods your horse will stumble, and you will be thrown from the saddle to die . . . or so I will tell your mother. She has a womans heart and finds it in her to cherish even you, and I have no wish to cause her pain. enliven do not imagine that it will truly be that easy, should you think to defy me. Nothing would please me more than to hunt you down like the pig you are. His arms were red to the elbow as he laid the skinning knife aside. So. There is your choice. The N ights Watchhe reached inside the deer, ripped out its heart, and held it in his fist, red and drippingor this.Sam told the tale in a calm, dead voice, as if it were something that had happened to someone else, not to him. And strangely, Jon thought, he did not weep, not even once. When he was done, they sat together and listened to the wind for a time. There was no other sound in all the world.Finally Jon said, We should go back to the common hall.Why? Sam asked.Jon shrugged. Theres hot cider to drink, or mulled wine if you prefer. Some nights Dareon sings for us, if the mood is on him. He was a singer, before . . . well, not truly, but almost, an apprentice singer.How did he come here? Sam asked.Lord Rowan of Goldengrove found him in bed with his daughter. The girl was two years older, and Dareon swears she helped him through her window, but under her fathers eye she named it rape, so here he is. When Maester Aemon heard him sing, he said his voice was honey poured over thunder. Jo n smiled. Toad sometimes sings too, if you call it singing. Drinking songs he learned in his fathers winesink. Pyp says his voice is piss poured over a fart. They laughed at that together.I should like to hear them both, Sam admitted, but they would not want me there. His face was troubled. Hes going to make me fight again on the morrow, isnt he?He is, Jon was constrained to say.Sam got awkwardly to his feet. I had better try to sleep. He huddled down in his cloak and plodded off.The others were still in the common dwell when Jon returned, alone but for Ghost. Where have you been? Pyp asked.Talking with Sam, he said.He truly is craven, said Grenn. At supper, there were still places on the bench when he got his pie, but he was too scared to come sit with us.The Lord of Ham thinks hes too good to eat with the likes of us, suggested Jeren.I saw him eat a pork pie, Toad said, smirking. Do you think it was a brother? He began to make oinking noises.Stop it Jon snapped angrily.The other boys fell silent, taken aback by his sudden fury. Listen to me, Jon said into the quiet, and he told them how it was going to be. Pyp O.K. him, as hed known he would, but when Halder spoke up, it was a amiable surprise. Grenn was anxious at the first, but Jon knew the words to move him. One by one the rest fell in line. Jon persuaded some, cajoled some, shamed the others, made threats where threats were required. At the end they had all agreed . . . all but Rast.You girls do as you please, Rast said, but if Thorne sends me against Lady Piggy, Im going to slice me off a imprudent of bacon. He laughed in Jons face and left them there.Hours later, as the castle slept, three of them paid a call on his cell. Grenn held his arms while Pyp sat on his legs. Jon could hear Rasts rapid breathing as Ghost leapt onto his chest. The direwolfs eyes burned red as embers as his teeth nipped lightly at the soft skin of the boys throat, just enough to draw blood. Remember, we know where you sleep, Jon said softly.The next morning Jon heard Rast tell Albett and Toad how his razor had slipped while he shaved.From that day forth, neither Rast nor any of the others would hurt Samwell Tarly. When Ser Alliser matched them against him, they would stand their ground and swat aside his slow, clumsy strokes. If the master-at-arms screamed for an attack, they would dance in and tap Sam lightly on breastplate or helm or leg. Ser Alliser raged and peril and called them all cravens and women and worse, yet Sam remained unhurt. A few nights later, at Jons urging, he joined them for the evening meal, taking a place on the bench beside Halder. It was another fortnight before he found the nerve to join their talk, but in time he was laughing at Pyps faces and bug Grenn with the best of them.Fat and awkward and frightened he might be, but Samwell Tarly was no fool. One night he visited Jon in his cell. I dont know what you did, he said, but I know you did it. He looked away shyly. Ive never h ad a friend before.Were not friends, Jon said. He put a hand on Sams broad shoulder. Were brothers.And so they were, he thought to himself after Sam had taken his leave. Robb and Bran and Rickon were his fathers sons, and he loved them still, yet Jon knew that he had never truly been one of them. Catelyn Stark had seen to that. The grey walls of Winterfell might still haunt his dreams, but Castle Black was his life now, and his brothers were Sam and Grenn and Halder and Pyp and the other cast-outs who wore the black of the Nights Watch.My uncle spoke truly, he whispered to Ghost. He wondered if he would ever see Benjen Stark again, to tell him.

Orientation day at Seneca

This article is based on students who participated in Seneca College Orientation. It was a big success because everyone learned so much most their courses and everyone had fun. This druthers was for new students attending Seneca College, there are different departments of studies that were introduced. First, the chairman of Seneca College, David Jones pleasingd students by his speech then after that, the president had every student in every department come up on the stage so that he could personally receive everyone and give the students a pin.Along with some of the control panel members, everyone shook hands and personally greeted each other a welcome aboard greeting. Everyone was amazed by the start of this formal ceremony. After the welcome greeting, the president introduced Ms. Erin Grant, Alumni and also the Valedictorian of her school year. She was thrilled to be called on to greet the new students. She shared some quotes to encourage the new students and told them non to worry about negative things because hard work is the key to success. It created a nice atmosphere among the students, because it took some pressure off their shoulders.After she delivered her lovely speech, the president and the board members left the gymnasium while the students remained in their seats waiting for their department of study to be called down so that they can equalise with the faculty members so that they can discuss further details about the courses with their future students. The faculty discussed what the courses were about and what the expectations on each of them were. They gave out a lot of informations to help the students know what they are entering into. The discussion terminate and everyone enjoyed a delicious lunch on Seneca grounds. It was an unforgettable Orientation solar day at Seneca.

Research Utilization Project †Fecal Transplantation Essay

Clostridium difficile (C-difficile) is a common bacterium that is a frequent cause of infection in the colon and effects more longanimous ofs. Clostridium difficile adjoins the infirmary costs associated with in tolerant c be, including identification of the organism as healthy as intercession. The most common cause of C-difficile infection is the ejection of normal intestinal phytology caused by antibiotic use. Standard lickment of C-difficile infection includes the use of oral (Flagyl) and intravenous (Vancomycin) antibiotic therapy. The use of faecal transplant to treat C-difficile infection is increasing in popularity.Research regarding faecal transplanting dates sanction to 1958 however, the efficacy of faecal transplant for the discussion of C-difficile atomic number 18 rapidly emerging with noted benefits for affected roles. The mere idea of presenting faecal graft for the sermon of a C-difficile infection is often laid-off because of limited useable evidence and the concerns approximately using someone elses stool to treat the infection. The necessity to educate patients with C-difficile is an additional challenge. Potential donors and telephone receivers need to be apprised of minimal risks associated with the screening and graft motion.The top executive to educate society on the results of evidence- tooth rootd practice regarding the manipulation of C-difficile with faecal transplantation should minimize concerns and enhance patient outcomes. The conception of a patient education programs is increasingly beneficial when octuple health pity professionals and interdisciplinary teams be involved. Thus, a project accusive in implementing an educational patient program for fecal transplantation is the existence of an informative leaflet for effectiveness use in the Endoscopy Department at Sharp Memorial infirmary by declination 2014.The treatment nutrition for initial and degenerative C-difficile with fecal tra nsplantation is in high-priced and noted as extremely effective. The phrases reviewed consistently reveal efficacy rate greater than 85%. Fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile continues to illicit septuple verbal and non-verbal responses and is not considered a standard of c be for patients, families, communities, and hospital module. The implementation of an informative educational brochure will minimize fears, hesitations, and reluctance for the treatment of C-difficile with fecal transplantation.The central theme of transplanting feces from a selected healthy donor to the receiver with C-difficile is often met with resistance. The fecal transplantation brochure will encompass aspects of fecal transplantation with the expectation of educating patients, families, and communities. Additionally, the brochure would enhance awareness of hospital staff providing an opportunity to educate units or departments. The application of Kurt Lewins change shape for the imp lementation of an educational brochure for fecal transplantation will be employed.The occurrent treatment modalities for C-difficile and the methods of transmission are increasingly becoming expensive for health care systems. The financial goals of the organization are to decrease the evaluate of C-difficile and possibly entertain the concept of fecal transplantation. A dichotomous plenty will be used to measure awareness and use of fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile. The interdisciplinary team employed to create the brochure would prove beneficial in developing standardized procedures in performing fecal transplantations.The Southern California Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates is an excellent venue for emfly validating and communicating the results. The two possible grant funding sources for the fecal transplantation brochure is the Ameri crumb Gastroenterological Association (AGA) and the American Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Ass ociates (SGNA). The creation and implementation of an educational brochure for patients considered for fecal transplantation would enhance residential district education and minimize fears in treating C-difficile with fecal transplantation.Keywords fecal transplantation, clostridium difficile, fecal micobiota transplantation Problem Identification The traditional treatments for patients diagnosed with infections of the colon are antibiotics. However, galore(postnominal) antibiotics kill the normal healthy bacteria of the colon. This results in an overwhelming increase in the risk for developing a C-difficile infection. Medicine. Net (2012) stated, Patients taking antibiotics are at risk of becoming infected with C. difficile as antibiotics can interrupt the normal bacteria of the bowel, allowing C. ifficile to become open up in the colon (para. 1). The latent for implementing the use of fecal transplantations for the treatment of C-difficile among the general population is ques tionable. The mere thought of presenting fecal transplantation for the treatment of a C-difficile infection is often dismissed because of limited available evidence and the concerns about using someone elses stool to treat the infection. Rohlke and Stollman (2012) stated, be cured _or_ healed place of 90% are macrocosm consistently reported from multiple enters.Transplantation fecal can be provided by a variety of methodologies, either to the glower proximal, lower distal, or top(prenominal) gastrointestinal tract (p. 403). An additional consideration is the perception of fecal transplantation within the community. The necessity to educate patients with C-difficile is an additional challenge. Potential donors and recipients need to be assured of minimal risks associated with the screening and transplantation process. Current research supports and discusses a comprehensive move up to identification and screening for potential fecal donors, donor preparation, and transplantati on procedures.The procedure for donor selection and screening is comprehensive to keep on the transmission of infection. According to Hamilton, Weingarden, Sadowsky, and Khoruts (2012), The donor history includes assessment of infectious risk, including identification of cognize risk factors for HIV and Hepatitis, current communicable diseases, and recent travel to areas of the dry land with a higher prevalence of diarrheal illnesses (p. 3). In educating patients, families, and the community at large, the rigor associated with the screening process must be emphasized to shorten fear.The project objective in implementing an educational patient program for fecal transplantation is the creation of an informative brochure for potential use in the Endoscopy Department at Sharp Memorial Hospital by December 2014. The brochure will be created using a collaborative approach by employing endoscopic breast feeding champions. The goal is for the brochure to be patient specific and encompas s appropriate information to decrease fears and answer questions associated with fecal transplantation.Additionally, the development of a patient posttest associated with the brochure will be created to approximate the effectiveness of content saving and adjusted accordingly to meet patient needs and desired outcomes. The proposed solution will minimize the ambiguity and fears associated with fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile. Solution Description The proposed solution for teaching potential recipients and donors about fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile is to diminish infection rates.By creating and implementing a comprehensive nursing educational approach patients and donors can be well informed on this innovative treatment modality. In many areas of clinical decision making, research has demonstrated that tried and true practices taught in basic nursing education are not always beaver (Polit & Beck, 2012, p. 25). The ability to educate s ociety on the results of evidence-based practice regarding the treatment of C-difficile with fecal transplantation should minimize concerns and enhance patient outcomes.The creation of a patient education program is increasingly beneficial when multiple health care professionals and interdisciplinary teams are involved. The importance of evidence-based practice is to ensure the evidence about fecal transplants has been collected, evaluated, and implemented to establish the best practice and approach. The main insert for patient safety is to ensure donors suck in been thoroughly screened to minimize the potential for the transmission of other diseases with feces.According to Rohlke and Stollman (2012) on donor selection, There have not yet been any adverse events reported that can be conclusively or directly attributed to fecal microbiota transplantation FMT, and worthy donor screening is congenital to avoid transmitting communicable diseases from donor to recipient (p. 406). Ind ividuals with recurrent C-difficile infections are moderately self-educated regarding treatment modalities and are receptive to the idea of fecal transplantation.The emphasis on educating patients, families, and communities regarding fecal transplantation as the initial treatment regimen is the focus. Hospital and individual associated costs in administering antibiotic therapy for the treatment of C-difficile could be drastically reduced by using fecal transplantation as the initial therapy. Brandt (2012) stated in reply, Do patients typically remove fecal transplantation as a treatment option? Yes patients typically respond with interest, and they are generally positive about trying it and they do not typically react with disgust (para. ). The current research base associated with fecal transplantation demonstrates high cure rates while minimizing the reoccurrence of C-difficile. Rohlke and Stollman (2012) stated, Cure rates of 90% are being consistently reported from multiple ce nters (p. 403). The review of current literature demonstrates that patient education for fecal transplantation is performed by a gastroenterologist and not the gastrointestinal (GI) nurse. Patient education provided to patients from physicians typically entails a one-way communication style.In this scenario, the gastroenterologist sends the information to the patient, and there is poor discussion with the receiver. Thus, patients commonly seek out more information from the registered nurse. The ability to educate patients regarding fecal transplantation using the proposed brochure would facilitate a commonality and minimize fears. The feasibility of implementing the brochure into endoscopic departments would be stick and centered on nursing knowledge of fecal transplantation. Brodine and Kellogg (2013) stated, All patients infected or colonized with C. ifficile must be educated about this bacterium, proper disease management, and transmission prevention. The nurse should use pati ent-centered communicationfree of slang term and appropriate to the patients health-literacy level (para. 13).The health care organization must employ educational programs specific to the needs of the patients and desired outcomes. The voice Commission recommends using the teach-back and show-back methods to educate patients that is, ask the patient to teach back the information provided or demonstrate understanding by showing a skill (Brodline & Kellogg, 2013, para. 3). The organizational culture at Sharp Memorial Hospital for nursing is centered on the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet actualisation Program. The nursing strategic plan is developed by nursing leaders with input from nursing staff based on the hospital strategic plan. Additionally, nurse leaders emphasize that change is a load value and part of the nursing process.Nurse leaders encourage innovation through training, resources, and role modeling (Beyond Excellence, 2013). The roposed solution of implementing patient education for fecal transplantation is supported by Sharp Memorial Hospital because it involves introducing innovative knowledge regarding innovative, evidence-based treatment modalities. Research Report Clostridium difficile infection trunk a constant struggle for hospitals. The standard treatment regimen of antibiotics commonly results in relapses. Research on fecal transplantation is continuing to come out as a promising alternative approach in treating chronic C-difficile infections.Numerous studies demonstrate positive outcomes with the governance of fecal transplant in the treatment of C-difficile (Rohlke & Stollman, 2012). Fecal transplantation has shown through research studies to be a useful treatment for C-difficile infection via the restoration of intestinal normal flora (Brandt, 2012).The most common sign reported by patients diagnosed with C-difficile is chronic diarrhea. Johnson (2012) stated, The administration of antibiotics can alter the ba lance of normal colonic flora to yield the overgrowth of pathogenic C. ifficile strains that produce toxins which cause diarrhea and associated symptoms (para. 5). In an article published in the Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, the authors reported 17 of 22 fecal transplantations for the treatment of C-difficile were effective (Landy, Al-Hassi, MLaughlin, Walker, Nicholls, Clark, & Hart, 2011). The substantiated results of the review article highlighted major differences in patients, donors, screening, methods of administration, and the definition of treatment responses (Landy et al. , 2011).The multiple factors highlighted in this review of treating C-difficile with fecal transplantation review across the spectrum using a standard approach is inseparable to supporting increased use of this treatment modality. Landy et al. (2011) stated, Standardized controlled studies are necessary to ascertain the most effective treatment regimen as well as the most acceptable method o f treatment (p. 414). Grehen, Borody, Leis, Campbell, Mitchell, and Wettstein (2010) published a study, to demonstrate the benefits of fecal biotherapy and the role of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions (p. 51). The study included 10 patients treated with fecal transplantation and monitored the further of bacterial population of the colon pre and post transplantation for a 24 week period.Grehen et al. (2010) found the following At intervals of 4, 8, and 24 weeks after the procedure, the bacterial populations in the patients fecal samples consisted predominantly of bacteria derived from the health donor samples. Comparisons of similarity at 4, 8, and 24 week samples to the donor-infused sample were made and each recipients baseline sample was statistically significant with Friedmen test. p. 551) Rohlke and Stollman (2012) noted that C-difficile rates continue to rise with greater intensity and severity. The treatment of C-difficile with feca l transplantation is an emerging and accepted intervention in patients with recurrent C-difficile. Rohlke and Stollman (2012) stated, Cure rates of 90% are being consistently reported from multiple centers. Transplantation can be provided through a variety of methodologies, either to the lower proximal, lower distal, or upper gastrointestinal tract (p. 403).The review by Rohlke and Stollman (2012) analyse reports validating the factors of donor selection, appropriate patient criteria, and the preparations and mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplant delivery available to clinicians and patients (p. 403). The internal cogency of the research articles reviewed demonstrates moderate samples were randomly selected. The current literature validated the need for more randomized controlled studies to determine established guidelines for the implementation of fecal transplantation.Additionally, the treatment regimen for initial and chronic C-difficile with fecal transplantation is inexpen sive and noted as extremely effective. The independent uncertain of the effectiveness of fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile remained a consistent theme. The articles reviewed consistently reveal efficacy rates greater than 85%. The external validity of the study articles revealed fecal transplantation processes are varied in the process of which patients are treated, the donor selection criteria, donor screening protocols, and the methods of delivery.The outcomes of the results reported are moderately consistent however, the ability to generalize a standardized treatment pathway is ambiguous and larger multi-organizational and multi-disciplinary studies are essential. Rex (2012) found the following several(prenominal) studies of fecal transplantation have demonstrated high cure rates. The a la mode(p) and largest to date is a retrospective case series involving 70 patients in Finland (mean age, 73 86% outpatients). Overall, 94% of these patients had symptom reso lution during the first 12 weeks after transplantation, including 32 of the 36 infected with the O27 strain of C. ifficile and all 34 of those infected with other strains. No immediate complications occurred. (para. 1)Fecal transplantation in the treatment for C-difficile has proven to be highly successful in a limited number of studies. In determining if fecal transplantation should be the standard of treatment for C-difficile infection, larger controlled studies are required. Additionally, a standard process related to donor screening, implantation techniques, transplant follow-up, and regularly documenting patient outcomes are essential in establishing standardized fecal transplantation protocols.

Nursing Roles and Value Task 1

treat Roles and Value Western Governors University nurse Roles and Value NVT2 Competency 724. 7. 1 Ethical Leadership Competency 724. 7. 2 Continuing Competency in breast feeding Marisha Grimley Course Mentor March 04, 2012 Nursing Roles and Value The mark of this paper is to evaluate a instance study addressing ethical leadership, analyzing industriousness of standardized grave of ethics on treat pr spotice, and discussing issues in preventative for quality enduring c atomic number 18.This paper go away support the importance of confidentiality when discussing saved tolerant avouchation. In addition, the need for continuing education and training for treat through identification of federal and State regulations as applied to reserve got practice will be addressed. The discussion will touch on how these regulations are applied in specific treat settings and the professional function of misgiving for in the ever changing surfaceness reverence spoken confabula tion system.State regulation or standard of prevail practice The contemporary rendering of care for according to the Scope and Standards of Practice (2010) is Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of wellness and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, all in alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and interposition of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. (p. 66).According to the Standards of professional Nursing Practice, this scenario violates nursing Standard 7 morals which states The registered Nurse Delivers care in a way that preserves and protects healthcare consumers autonomy, dignity, rights, values, and beliefs. (The Standard of professional Performance, 2010, p. 47). The fellate does non follow the standards of practices booster cable to the several(prenominal) implications. When asked by Dr K. to look in the graph to determine if whateverone was responsible for Mr.Es me dical mark fashioning, the nurse fai direct to inform Dr K that the diligent of had an Advance leading (AD) that specified he not be placed on a ventilator or grant cardiopulmonary resuscitation. By not bringing forward this information the nurse did not fulfill her duty of protecting the patients autonomy. She neglected the AD that Mr. E, despite creation a mildly developmentally delayed, had throw up into place sooner this hospital admission. Mr. E accomplished this task with the back up of the nursing home patient advocate thus providing documentation roughly his medical wishes.Seven years prior, Mr. E had shown the superpower to make his own health care decisions. He chose the pathway of his care by checking himself into a nursing home. The nurse assumed, because the provider had stated that the patient was hypoxic (88% room air is hypoxic), that Mr. E could not make his own medical decision. Mr. E verbalized judgment of what his progression of care would be by s tating to Dr. K, shaking his head and grammatical construction Go away No No Take me home. In this instance, the nurse did not act as a patient advocate.The nurse should hit relayed this information to Dr. K. If Dr. K had insisted that the patient was in an impaired hypoxic state, the nurse should accommodate reported the situation to her immediate nursing supervisor who could fuddle intervened as a patient advocate, working to insure that the patients wishes be granted. The nurses failure to act as a patient advocate and watch over Mr. Es right to self-determination resulted in the patient cosmos intubated and placed on a ventilator against his wishes. The nurse also failed to uphold a patient right to confidentiality.She go against the Federal health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) confidentiality laws. The nurse did not handle up and question the provider when the patients wishes were being questioned, leading to the patients rights, values and beli efs being disregarded. Nursing enactment of Ethics by ANA The nurse violated more than one preparedness from the Nursing Code of Ethics. One of the provisions that apply to this case study is provision 3, which states The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety and rights of the patient. (Code of Ethics for Nurses, 2010, p. 16). The impact on a professional decision, according to provision 3, would be that the nurse should deem provided a private place for the doctor to discuss the case with the family component. Furthermore, the nurse cannot plunder the fiduciary duty of confidentiality by allowing the provider to speak with a family member that was not part of the power of attorney. As well, the nurse has to remember that it is a breach of confidentiality and trust when she speaks with others, such as colleagues in a cafeteria that are not touch with the patients care.The ethical implications ca utilise by placing Mr. E on a respirator were t hat the patients right of decision making his own path of handling was violated. The patient Bill of Rights (Roux & Halstead, 2009) allows the patient to avert medical treatment. Like every individual, Mr. E. has the power of controlling the type of care given to him, a keen-sighted with having control to make decisions that influence self without hinderance of others. Mr. E, through narrative ethics, had set his healthcare decision precedents. He had make his wishes known by signing an AD. Once Mr.E was intubated further ethical makeations will surface because he may be ventilator dependent or he may die from ventilator induced complications. These possibilities would be avoided by adhering to his original AD. In order to give ethical consideration to this decision, before agreeing with his brothers intubation and placement on the ventilator, Mr. Y should have requested that all the facts be made available to him. Through the manner in which the case scenario is presented, Mr. Y is not involved in Mr. Es demeanor decisions even though he is entrusted with Mr. Es final manners history decisions.Any hospitalization is a stressful situation for all parties, the patient and family. In this scenario it is even more stressful because it is a life and remnant decision. Mr. Ys brother is diabetic with a muniment of high blood pressure. Mr. Y has to face the ethical issues of quality of life versus quantity of life in deciding to follow his brothers wishes or not. Mr. Y most likely did not understand a lot of what was happening and may have felt that it was too atrocious a decision to let his brother die if no adventurous measures were passn. Mt. Y asked for his nieces opinion, indicating Mr.Ys inability to make a decision. As a patient advocate, the nurse should engage in multidisciplinary support to foster family understand the court-ordered aspects and obligation of the power of attorney in making life end decisions and the legal obligations of the Ad vance Directives. Nurse must be firm in stressing these considerations to family so they may realize the full legal and ethical implications of their decisions. The importance of end of life issues and decisions are now being discussed at the time of admission to most acute care and long term acute care facilities.More attention is being placed on these specific decisions to ensure that the patients quality of life is considered and maintained even when death may be eminent. It is essential to keep in mind that Mr. E may have been hypoxic, but he had not shown any signs of not being able to make decisions. The scenario does not describe Mr. E exhibiting any signs of profit hypoxia, such as an altered metal state, cyanosis, tachypnea, cardiac arrhythmias or coma. Mr. E verbalized his disagreement to the procedure by saying Go away No No Take me home. Factors that complicate Mr. Es advance directivesThe validity of Mr. Es AD is not in question. The State of California has a specific form for AD that describes the necessary steps for the AD to be valid. (Form PS-X-MHS-842 Rev. 2-04). The AD may be questioned in California if the nursing home did not follow the guidelines printed on the form. It requires that a nursing home patient advocate or ombudsman, as designated by the State Department of Aging, is present to witness the completion and signing of the AD. The AD does not require the presence of a notary, but requires the presence of both witnesses who sign the AD on the same day as the somebody making the AD.Mr. E is mildly developmentally delayed a intend such as this is not a factor which would complicate his ability to have a valid AD. AD and Advance Care mean for People with Intellectual and tangible Disabilities was addressed by the U. S. Department of Health and world Services. (HSS, October, 2007). In 2003, a study that assessed the capability of people with a mild mental disability concluded that adults with mild retardation have the ability to provide adequate consent for their own medical decisions.This led the American knowledge on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), in 2005 to take the following position regarding end of life Permissible treatment options at the end of life are the same for persons with intellectual or developmental disabilities as for everyone else. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, October 2007, p. 13). A factor that complicates the AD is the Power of Attorney given to his brother, Mr. Y. Mr. Y was asked to make an end of life decision for his brother, Mr. E, without the knowledge of the AD.The case scenario notes that no family member signed the advance directive and it is unclear if any family member were involved. Mr. Y was unaware of Mr. Es AD, made seven years prior, that Mr. E did to avoid having august medical procedures performed on himself if should he be in a material body that precluded him from verbalizing his desires. Advance, meaning the wishes are w ritten in advance, before the situations arise for which the wishes have made. Directives meaning giving, directing the actions of others that are empowered to make the decisions.The lack of communication between Mr. E and Mr. Y created the stressful situation. The nurses decision to withhold her knowledge of Mr. Es AD from other individuals involved in Mr. Es care led to contrasted treatment. HIPAA violations HIPAA is violated when information is given to anyone who does not have participation in the care of patient. tolerant information can be shared by an entity for the purpose of TPO. TPO is described as release of information pertaining to patients own treatment, payment, and health care operations activities.Knowing how protected health information can be used and disclosed, a HIPAA violation occurred in the following instances. Dr. K discussed Mr. Es condition with his niece in front of her boyfriend and other patients. The nurse, during her dinner break, discussed patients medical issues with three nurses not involved in the patients care and requested their opinion. The nurse also violated the Code of Ethic Provision 3, which states that nurses have the duty to safeguard patients privacy and only share the pertinent information necessary for treatment with those who are participating in the care of the patient. Code of ethics, 2001). Professional treat of the nurses The comments made by the nurses in the cafeteria were unprofessional, unethical and derogatory. These comments reflect that they were not conducting themselves in accordance with the nursing standards of professional practice. Nurses are not expect to notion warmth towards all human beings, but they cannot treat others with uncaring bearing to justify their feelings or their short comings.Nurses are professionals, and as professionals, nurses are expected to move beyond feelings and provide the same care to every patient regardless of their background, level of intelligence, diagnosis or economic status. In the case study the nurses were not 1) Participating in ongoing educational practices as evidenced by the lack of knowledge of the pre-existing is AD. The nurses did not consider the legal ramifications of not following the patients AD requests nor did they respect the patients rights to self-determination. ) Providing care in a cultural and tippy way, as evidenced by calling the patient retarded. spontaneous defamation calling patient retarded is slander. 3) Respectful of the patients moral worth nor did they give dignity to the patient, in respect to his surviving situation by the statement he is already in a nursing home The Code of Ethics, an integral part of what professional nursing stands for, addresses the fact that nurses have a commitment to the well being of their patients.It requires that nurses act as advocates by being vigilant and taking action when inappropriate dealings, such as unethical or questionable practices, are being carried out, and may jeopardize a patients care. It is the ethical accountability of the nurse to report to administration the nurses practices and lack of knowledge and the cavalier billet towards HIPAA. It is an integral part of nursing not to remain silent when subscript care is known and practices that do not align with the nursing code of ethics are being used.The conduct that does not follow the nurse principles also will not align with place of work policies. These nurses should be reported to supervisors for counseling, education and corrective actions. Some issues are so sedate that nurses are mandated to report offenses to authorities such as the Board of Registered Nursing, Nursing Organization, and HIPAA. In conclusion, the above case study identifies a case where several standards were compromised in protecting patients rights, privacy and protecting patient from harm.Through knowledge and susceptibility in following the Nursing Practice Act as well as the Code of Ethics, one c an always ensure uncompromised patient care and safety in practice. References Board of Registered Nurse. The Registered Nurse as Patient Advocate Regulations. Sacramento, CA (Reprint from the BRN Report Winter 1987). Retrieved from http//www. rn. ca. gov/pdfs/regulations/npr-i-11. pdf America Nursing Association (2010). In Scope and Standards of Practice (2nd edition). Silver Spring, Maryland Nursesbooks. org. America Nursing Association (2001).Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements (2001 edition). Silver Spring, Maryland nursingbooks. org. Advance Directive Form. (PS-X-MHS-842 Rev. 2-04). Retrieved from http//ag. ca. gov/consumers/pdf/AHCDS1. pdf Roux, G. Halstead, J. A. (2009). Issues and Trends in Nursing. Sudbury, Massachusetts Jones and Bartlett Publishers. U. S Department of Health and Human Services. (October 2007). Advance Directives and Advance Care Planning for People with Intellectual and Physical Disabilities. Retrieved from http//aspe. hhs. gov/daltcp /reports/2007/adacp. htmwho (Roux Halstead, 2009)

Human Race

A response to scraping straddles The utmost Animal (1896) By Thanusha Sritharan Is the human race cruel or unsloped selfish? The human race is one of many distinct species in the world. Human beings share most of their traits and behaviors with other wights. The turn of cruelty and military group to one another is one of the behaviors that cosmos differ from animals. In the try The Lowest Animal (1896), Mark Twain claims that man can be cruel and wasteful in his lifetime. Although his statement does not imply to totally humans, the chaste sense enables us to do unconventional.With the evidence of news reports and media it is spare that man is cruel to animals, the society and to their househ aged. When compared to heap, dogs are known as a mans best friend. Even though they are four-legged canines, dogs corroborate a heart like gold. Dogs are as well as known for their efficiency to help people with visual impairments. They are very loyal and seraphic to their owner s and others. A study conducted by Mark Franz states that dogs happen to have a higher level of decency when compared to humans. In Toronto, a 32-year old cleaning lady, Alice Marcial, strangled her embrace dog Jacob to death.This news article is very relevant to Mark Twains retell Of all animals man is the one that is cruel. He is the scarcely one that inflicts pain for the pleasure of doing it (pg. 238). Not besides do humans find pleasure by inflicting pain on animals but they also engage in public killings as a source of entertainment. legion(predicate) people in the world live their life according to their sets of beliefs and values. In the world we live in at once people feel the invite to judge and have a say in others life choices. In Papua New Guinea, a mob tortured a group of woman who was accused of witchcraft.This mob tortured this group alive in figurehead of hundreds of horrified witnesses including their family. To support this news article a quote my Mark Twai n can be used, Man is a religious animal (pg. 237). This quote proves the fact that a man loves his religion and he only plays by his religion. Although witchcraft is not a religion it is something that group believed in. The act of shunning someone based on their religious choices is morally wrong and should not lead to any form abuse or death. In third world countries people abuse children in my different ways just to teach them a lesson.This happens every single day to millions of children roughly the world. Child abuse is something not to be taken easily. It is seen as a major social problem and it is one of many causes of the childrens death. For example, in Saudi Arabia a five-year-old Saudi girl was beaten to death by her father when in front of her entire family. There was no ad hoc reason for this abuse but it cost the life of a five-year old girl. This news article can be supported by a Mark Twain quote, Man is a cruel animal (pg. 237).This quote proves the fact that ma n could do anything to accomplish something regardless of who the victim is. With the proof of news reports and a study it is evident that man is descended from animals. Some people choose to do evil things even though they have certain of what they are doing. A reason why people do this is because the moral sense enables men to do wrong. In the world we live today everyone makes mistakes. In fact this is not an excuse to make a cruel, down in the mouth fault that could change yours or that persons life.

Cannibalism: Crime or Survival? Essay

layaboutnibalism has g integrity by factor of stages of acceptance to m viva voce dispirit and unspeakable. When faced in a appalling situation, such as isolation and deterioration of the mind and body, cannibalism becomes an option of excerption of the fittest of the fittest. When people confess of their actions, is it fair for us to referee? What would a person do in that situation, and can one honestly punish a nonher for survival of the fittest? screwnibalism d ingests back as cold as the earliest signs of human life. By definition, cannibalism is the ingest of any species by a nonher member of the same species, (Cannibalism). Wolves, for modelling, testa manpowert eat some other brute if there is no other form of nutrition to be found. This is an example of survival of the fittest, an instinct born unto all living creatures. Cannibalism is primitive in human nature, dating back to the Carib Indians of the West Indies. In the Arwakan language, carib literally tr ans recentlys to cannibal. The shape of eating human meat, whether in ritual or punishment, has been practiced in nearly e very part of the world.The spring for cannibalistic conduct has alter among the people. Headhunters, for example, believed eating parts of a victims body would appropriate them magical powers. Some tribes ate criminals to punish them or gain retaliate for the abomination. Primitive rites commonly involved human hand, and it was not uncommon for the sacrifices family to eat certain parts of the body. This practice is labeled block removeocannibalism.As measure progressed, cannibalism went from common practice in the east to an unspeakable wickedness in the westerly. Cannibalism is most commonly practiced collect to the result of extremum physical necessity in isolated surroundings. It has been conscionableified as a model of behavior in feed surgerying as a response to nutritional stress, (Ellis et al. 4) Essentially, cannibalism in such desper ation comes spate to working logic. If one is starving, one eats whatis offered. Examples of this include survivors of a canvas clangoring quarantined with pop unit of ammunition out food boat wrecks on isolated islands or, more commonly, families detain in a snowstorm in any large muckle range.One of the most recent cases of cannibalism kn ingest is that of Andes flight disaster. In 1972, an Uruguayan rugby team, a yen with their family and friends, were on their style to Chile to compete when the plane crashed in the Andes mountain range. Several died in the initial crash, and more died due to the harsh conditions and injuries from the wreck. Ten geezerhood passed in the beginning the little bit of food that was rationed ran out. The conference lived for two months before rescue came, and in that date they had committed the unspeakable act. As a group, the survivors agreed to turn to cannibalism and endocannibalism in set up to survive. Out of the original forty-fi ve, only sixteen came from the mountains alive because of their survival technique. This group had indulged in what is called survival cannibalism.Survival cannibalism is an innate form of survival that anthropologists believe exists in all humans. When the rugby team was faced with their dire situation, they indulged on their native instinct to satisfy nutritional motif before abiding to the morals of society. When rescued, the team told reporters that it was a sort of communion they ate as little as possible so as not to desecrate the dead. Jesus gave the disciples His blood and His phase at the Last Supper, so we were unploughed alive through Him, explained one of the survivors when the press demanded an arrange as to what they ate to stay alive (Stranded Gonzalo Arijon). The Uruguayan and Chilean publics accepted these survivors, as yet though the media slandered them and called them inhumane and cannibalistic.Another, perhaps more famous case of survival cannibalism is the story of the Donner Party. The Donner Party was a group of families cosmos led west by brothers George and Jacob Donner in the winter of 1846-47. The unfortunate groups of pioneers were trapped in the snowy Sierra Nevada Mountains because they did not foresee that they had strike off out too late in the year with too little provisions. The group traveled through the Great Plains, losing much of their cattle due to heat and famishment.As the group headed on, they left the warmth of the desert- deal plains and entered the cold and snow ofthe mountains. Their food supply dwindled as they act to make a pass through the Sierra Nevada range, their remain cattle became buried in the blizzard-like weather conditions, and many an(prenominal) wagons had to be abandoned. The society set up camp in a valley, hoping to wait out the storm and continue on. The wait off-key from a few days to weeks, then from weeks to months. The food supply ran out leather books, oxen mask blankets, and tobacco became a daily meal. Relief parties were sent form California, entirely they could not pursue everyone at once.If we do not find food, we willing begin to commence on the dead, earthd Tamsen Donner, wife of George Donner, when the scratch reserve party came to take her oldest children out of the mountains (Burton 166). Tamsen was left with five children and her nieces and nephews to feed as well. The party ran out of oxen hides and leather to eat. The only way a mother was to keep her children alive was to feed them the only food showtime available. C atomic number 18ful not to choose their relatives, members of the Donner Party ate the only food source available cadavers of those that had died. When presentd into the Californian society, the living members were shunned. Was it right of society to judge them so harshly? How could pioneers claim they would not do the same, when in pragmatism it is more probable that they would? Louis Keseberg, the last member of th e party to leave the mountains, was tried for polish off. The public should not have demanded that that a survivor of such perils be ostracized full for living.Another conflicting case is that of Alfred Alferd meat packer, dubbed Colorados Cannibal. bagger was a mountain guide in 1873 Colorado. He was hired to take a group of men through Bingham Canyon, Utah. This expedition did not end as planned. As with the Donner Party, Packer had not realized that his company had set out too late and would lead to a fatal end. many an(prenominal) men turned around when they were rescued from the cold by a group of Indians, but five remained with Packer. The men set of, no heeding the warnings from the Indians. 60 days after they left the campsite, only Packer emerged from the canyon. Questions arose to which Packer had no answer, so he lied. He told three versions of his story of survival, and only a few facts were found to be truth.Their food supply had run out andthe men agreed to eat w hoever died from starvation. Shannon Bell had killed the four other men while Packer was searching for food. Packer killed Bell due to self-defense, and Packer did not resort to cannibalism until starvation overtook his guilt for the deaths of his men. Alfred Packer was called a manslayer and sent to dawdle, even though he killed in self-defense. It was too quick of a decision to send this man, who was in a starved mindset, to a punishment in which he did not deserve. It is true that Packer was epileptic, and very possibly had several psychological problems, but that did not make him a killer. He was unspoiled trying to survive.Learned cannibalism is another category of cannibalistic behavior. It is when one is not driven by hunger to eat the flesh of another human. However, learned cannibalism is often thought of as the cause for Hannibal Lecter-style mop ups. Anthropologists disown that learned cannibalism is what such killers practiced it is a method of ritualistic behavio r that our human ancestors have passed down through generations. The Japanese army follow such rituals during their last war. Why did the army commit such a primitive act? Some men state it was to bring to sight together, to let up them nerves of steel, so to speak. Others claim it was to clear the taboo in case they ran out of food. Still, some say that it was because the soldiers wanted to gain the powers of the enemy, ripe as the headhunters had done so long ago.The Japanese military kept these cases filed out-of-door, not speaking of the ruthless acts the men committed. Now that the files have been uncovered, the fountainhead of whether or not this can be classified as a criminal offense moldiness be answered. With finding that answer comes more questions Which men atomic number 18 right? Were they really starving, or were they just soulless beings? Was murder enacted to pursue this activity, or were the men already dead? So many questions arise that it is nearly impossi ble to have a clear, truthful answer as to whether this was a war crime or not. The psychological reason behind cannibalistic behavior ranges from starvation to perversion.Cannibalism might be seen as the highest level of cozy perversion. This is closedownly related to the equally r be mould up of bodies, following sexual crimes and sadism, state psychologists when asked if cannibalism can be considered a true crime, or if it is just a taboo of occidental coating (Capraro Cannibalism is not a Crime). Cannibalism isnt listed as a crimethe only trespasses a person can be tried for are manslaughter and rape. There is no sentencing to accompany the cutting up or eating of the body. Some people say that cannibalism should be labeled as murder. What if it was not murder that was committed? The custom of the sea dictates that, when a boat is crashed or stranded, survivors are to rely on the dead for food. There is no murder involved if the dead had come to be so due to essential caus es. gild has become engrossed with stories of cannibals, murderers, and rapists. People gossip and read in depth about such crimes, feasting on the horrible tales which western culture has only read in stories from Edgar Allen Poe and the like. But what about when it happens in their own culture, to people on their own street? One scream sticks out when cannibalism comes up Armin Meiwes. The case of German native Meiwes is tricky because he could not be sentenced since cannibalism is rarely committed in at presents western culture and is not classified as a crime in Germany. Meiwess victim, Bernd Brandes, a man who was in a sexual relationship with Meiwes, had conceded to be killed and eaten by Meiwes.Meiwes could only be convicted for killing upon gather up and disturbing the peace of the dead (i.e. eating the body instead of bury it). Meiwes admits to being a true cannibal, and is acceptance of his branding as a murderer. But cannibalism does not always involve murder. Brandes consented to having part of him cut off and eaten, indeed leaving him alive, and then later asked to be killed and consumed. Meiwes will be forever classified as psychotically disturbed and sexually perverse for his lean on cannibalism.Society is unacceptable of cases such as Armin Meiwes simply because of the fearful act that is involved. The public demands stronger sentencing, or the death penalty as an eye-for-an-eye repayment. Cannibalism has been passed down through generations around the world, and as time has progressed it has become an ugly, horrible act. Yet, we are obsessed with learning about it. The famous book Hannibal by doubting Thomas Harris spawned movies and general interest in the acts that the main character committed. Harris also gives the horizon of why cannibalism happens. Most cases of cannibalism occur from a deep psychological problem. maybe the person who committed the act isextreme obsessive-compulsive and cannot stand to have a mess so, eating th e body disposes of the mess and clears the act from the mind. As a child, the cannibal may not have had a strong relationship with their same sex parent and developed an over-dependent relationship with the opposite word parent or a sibling.Such as Armin Meiwes, who had no evident male figure in his life, consuming the flesh of someone he was close to was a way of keeping the person close to himself forever. As stated before, cannibalism can be seen as the highest level of sexual perversion, therefore many of Freuds theories on oral fixation and sexual belligerence can provide a possible explanation of the thought process of cannibalistic people. The perpetrator of the behavior is fixated on sexual pleasure resulting from the mouth. He or she enjoys the acts of sucking, biting, and chewing, often resulting in a need to have something incessantly in his or her mouth. The way cannibalism fits in is that the act of eating another human is on a high level of sexual aggressiveness. T he orally fixated person gets pleasure from eating another human, both sexually and orally. many a(prenominal) people who have been convicted of murder and the act of cannibalism have shown to eat those close to them. Either it is a companion, a lover, or a relative that is being consumed. The logical thinking behind this is that the consumer wants to remain close to whomever it is for as long as possible, and when that person dies, the consumer sees eating them as a way of reincarnation because he or she is becoming a part of the consumer, thus their life continues. Obviously, this way of thinking is psychotically disturbing and when a person is convicted of such acts, they are station into an institution for the mentally disturbed. Can we send a person to jail for committing cannibalism even though they are psychologically unstable? Or do we take the risk of sending them to an institution to be fixed, and slowly reintroduce them to society? The world pretends to be blind of such acts and prefers to shut away those who do them. This is not taking care of the problem. Yes, the world of the 1800s chose to shut their eyeball against the survival techniques of the Donner Party, but that did not solve the issue of how to deal with the survivors.Survivors of such a tragic incident must slowly be reintroduced into the world. They should not feel that the world is an unsafe place just because they survived. People who volitionally commitcannibalism need to see the wrongs of what they did. On the other hand, people need to see why they did it in order to fully understand the reasoning. What the western culture claims is a taboo, the African culture deems it a ritualistic rite. Today, cannibalism has been turned into a sort of joke. In the cartoons, when two men are stranded on an island, one sees the other and imagines him as a big, juicy steak, thus invoking a chase of sorts. Is that not what happens when two people truly are stranded and starving? The custom of t he sea states that when a boat is wrecked, the survivors must be willing to eat whatever is available, even if it is one another.Society does not realize that jokes, shows, and books influence the thoughts of everybody. Many times people will say in a joking matter that he tasted just like chicken, when referring to the eating of one another. In reality, people who make these jokes may someday be faced with the survival of living or dying, and the factor in that will keep them alive is eating the person who tastes just like chicken. As disturbing as that thought may be, it is true. Humans first reaction in life or death situations is to preserve their own lives. When it comes to women in motherhood, they prefer to save their childrens lives first. If a family is faced with the barrier of living or dying, such as the Donner Party families, their first choice is going to be to live. A mother wants her children to live, to experience life, even if that means do anything possible to survive. If the family must resort to cannibalism, is it a crime? Can the human race look down upon one another just for surviving? It would be ludicrous to believe that people should be abolished just because they chose to live instead of succumbing to death.When boiled down, Cannibalism is essentially only in two categories survival cannibalism and learned cannibalism. The intrinsic side of modern Homo sapiens deals with survival cannibalism and justifies its cause. The moral side of the human mentality cannot fathom the reasoning behind learned cannibalism. Why the ancestors began that tradition is a mystery story. Was it first started from starvation? Did the first Homo sapiens not find food and inflexible to turn on one another? Or was it because of their belief in magic, the belief that humans contained magical powers and by digesting their flesh they absorbed the powers unto themselves? This mystery will remain unsolved, just as the mystery of who started the oral legends in Native American cultures. The reasoning behind societys outlaws of cannibalism, eithersurvival or learned, is another mystery, yet it is one that can be solved. In native cultures, such as the Caribs, cannibalism was an everyday ordeal.As time progressed, people on the western hemisphere of the world chose to become more sophisticated. This involved the abolishing of all other cultural practices, from the clothes that were worn to the rituals that were participated in. Christianity was taught throughout the world, and cannibalism fell into the gray area of sins. Only anthropologists understood the need for converge into the act of survival cannibalism, and saw the importance of understanding why it was a ritual so long ago.The society that is shown cannibalistic behavior today is horrified by it because the behavior had not been practiced for so long that even the survival technique became unspeakable. Cannibalism started out as a ritual, a rite of sorts that was common to enga ge in. Then it moved into a state of survival, a technique only used when one is faced with death. Now, it is considered a perverse, revolting taboo that is blasphemed and blown out of proportion by media. Can one really take an opinion on this? Who can honestly, without a doubt, know for a fact that he or she would not turn to cannibalistic behavior when confronted with starvation? No one can give an honest answer to that question until they have been put in the situation. The brain switches from living by the standards of society to the survival instinct possessed by all living creatures. In all honesty, we are no divergent from the wolves that will eat a member of the pack in order to live.Works CitedBurton, Gabrielle. Impatient with Desire The Lost Journal of Tamsen Donner. New York Hyperion, 2010.Cannibalism. Comptons by Encyclopedia Britannica. 2005 ed.Capraro, Ingo. Cannibalism not a crime. News24. 14 Dec 2002. Ellis, Meredith A.B. et al. The mite of Starvation A Comparison of Bone Processing at a Chinese Encampment in Montana and the Donner Party Campin California. July 2010. U of Montana College of Arts and Sciences. Stranded Ive Come From A Plane That Crashed on the Mountains. Dir. Gonzalo Arijon. Pro. Gonzalo Arijon. 2007. Zeitgeist video, 2008. DVD.

Cost and Price Analysis

greet and Price Analysis Instructor pick out ClassFinance 230Date PeriodResults 1)Why is it important for the giving medication to exercise unspoilt fiscal judgment when spending funds? Government employees argon held answerable for use of good judgment so those excessive expenditures ar non paid. 2) inclination and describe four types of market based set. Be sure to deliver at least one (1) example of apiece type.Competitive Offers solution to compendium encouraging competing offers naturalized Catalog Price Published by the vendor in a regularly maintained catalog or price list completed Market Price substantiated from sources independent of the seller and are online sales prices established in the normal ply of trade between buyers and sellers free to bargain in the market place. Established by Law or Regulation customers are consistently force by the established prices. )List 3 reasons that governing body buyers have significant advantages in getting fair a nd sensitive prices. The government is the only buyer which has a strong negotiating position on pricing. High volume purchase suppliers wish well to deal with high volume buyers and are inclined to give ameliorate prices to such buyers. Anit-Deficiency Act requires the government agencies have the money to pay for the shoot work before signing the snub. 4) contrast and contrast embody, price and remuneration. Price refers to the descend of money that consumers have to give up to acquire goods or service. kale is what ever monetary amount is left after all address has been paid. 5)List and explain the two acceptable procedures for obtaining competitive prices. Sealed Bidding A bidding by which government needs are sacrifice cognise by a solicitation called and Invitation for Bids (IFB). Negotiation is the assure method that ma be employ when sealed bidding is inappropriate. Competitive Proposals A process by which government needs are made known by a solicitation called a Request for Quotation (RFQ) 6)Compare and contrast speak to and financial accounting.List two (2) examples each of conditions that warrant the use of bell and financial accounting procedures. Cost accounting is a procedure which enables firms to fall out track of the personifys that apply to each individual submit or major(ip) task they to a lower place take. Ex embody acct. estimate the exist of work before actually undertaking it. Financial accounting is the aggregation of information that enables the firm to know how much total live and cyberspace they made in a accompaniment period of time. Ex. 7)What are the leash major classifications of be?Reasonable, deductible, and allocable speak to Variable fixed, and semi-variable damage aim and in come in approach 8)Compare rate and indirect be. Direct cost direct labor, direct materials, and some diffe prosecutewise cost specifically associated with musical compositionicular contracts are classified as direct costs. Indirect cost are every cost that are not direct. Cost that apply across the posting to large parts not conveniently chargeable to one particular contract. How does the government contracting officer ensure the costs are reasonable, permissible and allocable?Reasonable Cost in its nature and amount, it does not authorise that which would be incurred by a prudent person in the distribute of a competitive business. Allowable Cost allowability of a particular cost under cost principles must be determine using cold Part 3. Each principle is based on laws and policies. The decision for determing allowable of a particular cost rest with the Contracting Officer. Allocable be alloacable if I is assignable or chargeable to one or much cost objectives on the basis of relative benefits received or former(a) sincere relationship. )When may certified cost or pricing information be ask? The head of an agency shall require offerors, contractors, and subcontractors to make cost or pricing info available as follows An offeror for a prime contract entered into using procedures other than sealed-bid procedures shall be demand to make up cost or pricing data before the award of a contract if in the case of a prime contract, the price of the contract to the is expect to go by $500,000 and in the case of a prime contract entered into on or before, the price of the contract to the United States is expected to travel by $100,000. n the case of a change or modification made to a prime contract referred to in subparagraph the price adjustment is expected to exceed $500,000 in the case of a change or modification, to a prime contract that was entered , the price adjustment is expected to exceed $500,000 and in the case of a change or modification not cover by clause (i) or (ii), the price adjustment is expected to exceed $100,000. 10)If the government were to determine that significant overpricing occurred because of defective cost or pricing data, what options may the contracting officer explore prior to award?What may the contracting officer retrieve after award? The Truth in Negoatation Act an examination of defective pricing in government contracting 11)Explain the level of importance associated with the detailed analysis of direct labor costs when determining a fixed-price contract. Price analysis shall be used when cost or pricing data are not required in determining the reasonableness of the prime contract price. Some firm-fixed-price contracts may have in mind substantially less cost risk than that of direct costs, such as material and labor, and associated indirect costs. 2)When determining proposed hourly wage rates, list third (3) options an offeror explore. Plantwide rate, Departmental Rate, and Rates by Labor Category 13)List, in comparison, what process improvements benefits realized from the learning curve and improvement curve. What are the expectations of each curve? Theroy called learning curve because i t is belived thath learning workers caused most of the time saving, Studies showed that other factors, such as equipment and set-up improvements, also help reduce unit mathematical product time.It is called various names improvement curve, experience curve and time drop-off curve. 14)How does a company effectively manage the command overhead expense? What are the typical expenses included in overhead? hit expenses are those output signal and nonproduction costs not readily traceable to specific jobs or processes. command processing overhead expenses encompass three general areas indirect materials, indirect labor, and all other miscellaneous production expenses, such as taxes, insurance, depreciation, supplies, utilities, and repairs.Therefore, overhead expense is part of the total costs of maintaining and staffing a business. 15)Categorize the following expenses as either Overhead or General & Administrative a. Lease b. Entertainment Expense c. go bad Expense d. Payroll Expen se e. Marketing Expense f. Mileage g. skipper Development h. Utilities i. Communications Expense j. Goodwill k. Research and Development cost l. Taxes m. Patent Costs n. Bad Debts o. Lobbying and other Political Costs 16)The glass allowance includes spoilage and shrinkage. List two (2) alike(p)ities and differences between the three categories. print allowance is extra amount of material or parts required to be sure that enough material will be avaible to make the final product. Scrap is unadvoidable. Spoilage is a different from scrape because it is the direct result of someone making a mistake or a machine getting out of adjustment or a similar problem. Shrinkage is another factor. This can be the result of nature. 17)Explain the following concepts a. Underabsorption under absorption is when the actual budgeted overhead is less than the planned overhead b. Overabsorption natural event of credit balance in factory-overhead account, resulting from excess of overhead applied to wo rk-in-process inventorying over the amount of overhead actually incurred. c. Exact Absorption The chances of enthralling the exact actual amount of overhead by a series of many customer billings throughout the year are nil. 18)Describe the following methods in conducting price analysis a. Comparison of proposed prices received in response to the solicitation These methods consist of comparing offered prices to each other to decide which are reasonable b.Comparison of prior proposed prices and contract prices with current proposed prices Method most ofttimes used for government price analysis when agency has had a story of contracting for the same products or services. c. Comparison with competitive published price lists Catalogs are recognized as fairly reliable guides on current prices being paid by consumers in general. Established catalog or market price. The price paid for commercial items prices for items sold in substantial. Established catalog price, Established market pr ice, and Price paid for Commercial items. . optic Analysis FAR 5. 404-1(b) (4) says value analysis can give brain wave into the relative worth of a product, and government may use it in conjunction with other price analysis techniques. 20)Facilities cost of capital is allowable if the contractors have which of the following (a) expectant investment is measured, allocated to contracts and cost as required by CAS 414 (b) Contractor has adequate records to show compliance with CAS 414 (c) Estimated facilities capital cost of money is specifically proposed for the contract under which it is claimed (d) All of the above 1) Compare and contrast Distributed Facilities and Undistributed Facilities. Distributed facilities are those that are clearly and directly assign to specific overhead or G accounts. Undistribute Facilities are facilities capital costs incurred for more than one indirect cost pool. The cost of these facilities must be allocated to the indirect cost pools that bebefit from them. 22) Facilities capital cost of money is an a. Allocatable cost b. Allowable cost c. Variable cost d. Imputed cost e. Both b and d 23).What does the acronym CASB mean in Facilities Capital Cost of Money a, Capital Accounting System Branch b. Cost Accounting Standards Board c. Cost Analysis Standards Board d. Both a & b 24) Which form is used to calculate the capital cost of money a. Form CASB-CMF b. DD 1861 c. SF 182 d. All of the above. 25) In which (1) one of the three ways can a contract meeter assist the contracting officer in contract pricing? Reviewing and evaluating proposed or incurred costs 26) Contracting Officers will often ascertain that the contractors accounting system meets this requirement by commissioning a ______________________?Pre-award visual modality of Prospective Contractor Accounting System ( PSPCAS) 27) Contract auditor is called on by a contracting officer to determine if the prospective contract meets what? Responsible financial capability sta ndard of FAR 9. 104-1 28) What unsupported costs are proposed or incurred costs on which the auditor is unable to commit an opinion? Regarding reasonable, allowability, or allocability. 29) What does the acronym DCAA mean? Defense contract Audit delegacy 30) What is the total Cost Approach? How is it used?It shows all cost incurred in the original contract estimate and were the attributes to the contract were changed. It shows the government at erroneous belief and recognizes that neither the contractor nor any third party is at fault. 31) List the two principles that prevail in measuring equitable adjustment. Some cost impact must result from the contract change The contract and government are to remain whole. 32) Why is there a format for submitting proposals for equitable adjustments and when is it used. This formal procedures is a methodical way o document the deliberateness of the equitable adjustment.When contractors submit certified cost or pricing data if the expected va lue of the contract modification exceeds $650,00. 00. 33) What is the name of the formula that is astray used when computing unabsorbed overhead resulting from government caused delays? Eichleay Formula 34) How can contractors segregate the cost of performing changed work? They usually assign specials accounting codes to the proceeding attributed to the changed work. 35) What is the main misconception about profit and hire? Negotiated profit or wages is what the contractor will actually get. 6) What three major requirements must government contracting officers adhere to according to the Contracting Officer Responsibilities (FAR 15. 404-4)? Profit fee Pre-negotiation objective, Facilities Capital Cost of Money, Statutory Limitations of Prices or Fees 37) Name six major factors bearing on profit levels for government contracts. Contractor Effort, Contract cost rack, Federal Socioeconomic programs, Capital Investments, Cost Control and other quondam(prenominal) Accomplishments, Ind ependent Development. 38) What is the general approach used by all the incorporated profit systems.The structured profit systems establish a total profit objective by adding profit increments for various major cost inputs and for other contract factors. 39) What are the major categories listed under the approach of Profit ending Overhead? High skill supervision, clerical and support, depreciation or rent (complex) depreciation or rent (routine), fringe benefits administrative, routine expense, and total overhead costs. 40) List three important factors that every business must consider before doing business with the government.